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LVM的基本使用方法

LVM是Logical Volume Manager，逻辑卷管理器，逻辑卷类似Windows下的跨区卷吧。

原先我一直觉得LVM用处有限，自己没用上，一直没用，也就一直没写怎么用，后来发现还是挺有用的，尤其是搭配RAID来使用。

有几个概念先了解一下：

名称 英文 缩写 解释
物理存储介质 - - 在系统里一般是硬盘，也可以是块存储设备
物理卷 PhysicalVolume PV 磁盘的分区转化来的
卷组 VolumeGroup VG 物理卷组成的组，在LVM里等同于虚拟磁盘的意思
逻辑卷 LogicalVolume LV 建立于卷组之上，在LVM里等同于虚拟分区的意思
- PhysicalExtents PE -
- LogicalExtents LE -

LVM大致上的概念就是把一个或多个物理磁盘的一个或多个分区合并在一起，称作卷组，也可以理解为变成了一块更大的虚拟磁盘。

但是物理磁盘的分区不能直接合并到卷组里，需要转化，而转化之后的分区就称为物理卷。

然后再创建逻辑卷，就相当于在这块更大的虚拟磁盘上划分分区。

然后逻辑卷就可以格式化，挂载等基本操作。

而PE和LE相当于卷组和逻辑卷的块，卷组大小=PE的大小xPE的数量，同理，逻辑卷的大小=LE的大小xLE的数量，PE默认4M，LE大小不知道是继承PE还是不继承，反正PE默认4M的情况下，LE默认也是4M。小了影响性能，大了占空间，没有专一用途，还是默认不设最好。

逻辑卷的创建与使用

首先创建要加入逻辑卷的分区，这里是新添加的sdb盘，整盘分一个分区

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # fdisk /dev/sdb

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x2f5191a8.

Command (m for help): g
Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: 8B7DFDAA-0514-0146-9F52-1FDCF9F3D6E5).

Command (m for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-41943006, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-41943006, default 41943006):

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 20 GiB.

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Partition type (type L to list all types): L

Partition type (type L to list all types): 31
Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux LVM'.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 8B7DFDAA-0514-0146-9F52-1FDCF9F3D6E5

Device     Start      End  Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdb1   2048 41943006 41940959  20G Linux LVM

Command (m for help): w                
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

然后将sdb1分区转化为物理卷

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # pvcreate /dev/sdb1
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.

使用物理卷/dev/sdb1创建名为VG1的卷组

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # vgcreate VG1 /dev/sdb1
Volume group "VG1" successfully created

然后可以查看已有的卷组，我这里装系统就用了LVM，所以有个系统默认的system卷组

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree
  VG1      1   0   0 wz--n- 20.00g 20.00g
  system   1   1   0 wz--n- 15.99g     0
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               system
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  2
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                1
  Open LV               1
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               15.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              4093
  Alloc PE / Size       4093 / 15.99 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
  VG UUID               BfPwXl-TBTe-N6Rd-NaJT-xU2T-Ce0V-HqIN8L

  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               VG1
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  1
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                0
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               20.00 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              5119
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0
  Free  PE / Size       5119 / 20.00 GiB
  VG UUID               ojpEne-jsFm-uB6R-azHU-zJmt-wP46-JvFeNc

这里是4M的PE，总共5119个PE，离显示的20.00GiB还差4MiB

然后在VG1上创建名为LV1的逻辑卷

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvcreate -l 5119 -n LV1 VG1
  Logical volume "LV1" created.

这里使用-l的参数，直接分配PE数量，也可以使用-L的参数，直接分配空间大小。但是实际可分配的空间不足以分配，比如显示20.00GiB，实际可分配空间只有5119x4MiB=20476MiB=19.996GiB，直接分配20G就会报错。

到这里就已经创建好逻辑卷了，查看一下，这里还是有一个是系统创建的逻辑卷，叫root

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvs
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize  Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  LV1  VG1    -wi-a----- 20.00g
  root system -wi-ao---- 15.99g
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/system/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                system
  LV UUID                fsZvJJ-NCk9-rHvR-rSOh-80tK-9GxZ-H5BRSw
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time install, 2019-10-04 00:06:45 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                15.99 GiB
  Current LE             4093
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     1024
  Block device           254:0

  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/VG1/LV1
  LV Name                LV1
  VG Name                VG1
  LV UUID                xAccOh-PRJd-jtuR-jx7F-F9Qr-N3nw-Cxm7yh
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time linux-wugz, 2019-12-02 02:22:10 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                20.00 GiB
  Current LE             5119
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     1024
  Block device           254:1

然后对逻辑卷LV1进行格式化与挂载，需要注意的是xfs只能扩容，不能缩容，建议使用ext4

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # mkfs.xfs /dev/VG1/LV1
meta-data=/dev/VG1/LV1           isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310464 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=0, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5241856, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # mkdir /mnt/lvm
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # mount /dev/VG1/LV1 /mnt/lvm
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                 2.0G  8.0K  2.0G   1% /dev
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    2.0G  9.4M  2.0G   1% /run
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/system-root   16G  7.5G  8.6G  47% /
tmpfs                    394M   16K  394M   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1       20G   53M   20G   1% /mnt/lvm

要想开机挂载，在/etc/fstab中加一行就可以了

/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1 /mnt/lvm xfs defaults 0 1

到这里为止，逻辑卷就可以正常用了，往其中添加一份文件，检查卸载逻辑卷后文件是不是不在了，以及后期逻辑卷的调整后此文件是不是还在

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # echo 'lengqinglvm' > /mnt/lvm/lengqinglvm
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # cat /mnt/lvm/lengqinglvm
lengqinglvm

逻辑卷的扩容

对新加入的磁盘sdc创建分区sdc1，转化物理卷，并添加到卷组VG1

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # fdisk /dev/sdc

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.33.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xe5b9393b.

Command (m for help): g
Created a new GPT disklabel (GUID: F8A76081-C61D-6A41-A62E-F39B89C0D886).

Command (m for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1):
First sector (2048-41943006, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-41943006, default 41943006):

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux filesystem' and of size 20 GiB.

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Partition type (type L to list all types): 31
Changed type of partition 'Linux filesystem' to 'Linux LVM'.

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # fdisk /dev/sdc -l
Disk /dev/sdc: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: F8A76081-C61D-6A41-A62E-F39B89C0D886

Device     Start      End  Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdc1   2048 41943006 41940959  20G Linux LVM
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # pvcreate /dev/sdc1
  Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # vgextend VG1 /dev/sdc1
  Volume group "VG1" successfully extended

此时查看卷组VG1，此时大小已经变为了39.99G，剩余空间20.00G

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree
  VG1      2   1   0 wz--n- 39.99g 20.00g
  system   1   1   0 wz--n- 15.99g     0
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               system
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  2
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                1
  Open LV               1
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               15.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              4093
  Alloc PE / Size       4093 / 15.99 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
  VG UUID               BfPwXl-TBTe-N6Rd-NaJT-xU2T-Ce0V-HqIN8L

  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               VG1
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        2
  Metadata Sequence No  3
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                1
  Open LV               1
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                2
  Act PV                2
  VG Size               39.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              10238
  Alloc PE / Size       5119 / 20.00 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       5119 / 20.00 GiB
  VG UUID               ojpEne-jsFm-uB6R-azHU-zJmt-wP46-JvFeNc

将剩余空间分配到逻辑卷LV1，注意+不能省，加号代表加空间，而不带加号代表就分配这么多

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvextend -l +5119 /dev/VG1/LV1
  Size of logical volume VG1/LV1 changed from 20.00 GiB (5119 extents) to 39.99 GiB (10238 extents).
  Logical volume VG1/LV1 successfully resized.

此时逻辑卷文件系统仍然是20G，需要调整文件系统大小才会改变

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # xfs_growfs /mnt/lvm/
meta-data=/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1    isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1310464 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1 spinodes=0 rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=5241856, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 5241856 to 10483712
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                 2.0G  8.0K  2.0G   1% /dev
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    2.0G  9.4M  2.0G   1% /run
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/system-root   16G  7.1G  8.9G  45% /
tmpfs                    394M   12K  394M   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1       40G   74M   40G   1% /mnt/lvm

需要注意的是xfs扩容只能在挂载的情况下，命令后面只能跟挂载点，不能直接跟设备名，例如这样

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/VG1-LV1
xfs_growfs: /dev/mapper/VG1-LV1 is not a mounted XFS filesystem

之前创建的文件仍然正常

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # cat /mnt/lvm/lengqinglvm
lengqinglvm

逻辑卷的缩容

由于xfs不能缩容，所以还得换ext4来演示（(⊙﹏⊙)早知道就不用xfs了）

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # umount /mnt/lvm
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/VG1-LV1
mke2fs 1.43.8 (1-Jan-2018)
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1 contains a xfs file system
Proceed anyway? (y,N) y
Creating filesystem with 10483712 4k blocks and 2621440 inodes
Filesystem UUID: cb51dc65-ffb4-4180-b886-ddec1a723a3b
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
        4096000, 7962624

Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (65536 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # mount /dev/mapper/VG1-LV1 /mnt/lvm/

要开机挂载的还得改一下/etc/fstab

/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1 /mnt/lvm ext4 defaults 0 1

然后还是添加一份文件，检查缩容后文件是否正常

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # echo 'lengqinglvmext4' > /mnt/lvm/lengqinglvmext4
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # cat /mnt/lvm/lengqinglvmext4
lengqinglvmext4

卸载分区并检查文件系统，卸载时工作目录不能在挂载点内

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing #  umount /mnt/lvm
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/VG1-LV1
e2fsck 1.43.8 (1-Jan-2018)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1: 12/2621440 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 242383/10483712 blocks

测试缩减逻辑卷，-t代表测试，需要注意的是只能按PE的整数倍来缩减，因为PE是最小存储单元，不能分配半个或者零点几个，这里PE是4M，按4M的整数倍都可以，注意不带减号是缩减到15G，而带了-是缩减15G

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvreduce -L 15G /dev/VG1/LV1 -t
  TEST MODE: Metadata will NOT be updated and volumes will not be (de)activated.
  WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 15.00 GiB.
  THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce VG1/LV1? [y/n]: y
  Size of logical volume VG1/LV1 changed from 39.99 GiB (10238 extents) to 15.00 GiB (3840 extents).
  Logical volume VG1/LV1 successfully resized.

测试没有毛病，这里逻辑卷仍然是39.99G

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvs
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize  Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  LV1  VG1    -wi-ao---- 39.99g
  root system -wi-ao---- 15.99g
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/system/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                system
  LV UUID                fsZvJJ-NCk9-rHvR-rSOh-80tK-9GxZ-H5BRSw
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time install, 2019-10-04 00:06:45 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                15.99 GiB
  Current LE             4093
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     1024
  Block device           254:0

  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/VG1/LV1
  LV Name                LV1
  VG Name                VG1
  LV UUID                xAccOh-PRJd-jtuR-jx7F-F9Qr-N3nw-Cxm7yh
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time linux-wugz, 2019-12-02 02:22:10 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                39.99 GiB
  Current LE             10238
  Segments               2
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     1024
  Block device           254:1

首先调整文件系统，先缩减逻辑卷到比文件系统小，文件系统大概也保不住

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # resize2fs /dev/mapper/VG1-LV1 15G
resize2fs 1.43.8 (1-Jan-2018)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/VG1-LV1 to 3932160 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/VG1-LV1 is now 3932160 (4k) blocks long.

挂载分区并查看，文件系统已经是15G，之前的文件也没有问题

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # mount -a
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                 2.0G  8.0K  2.0G   1% /dev
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    2.0G  9.4M  2.0G   1% /run
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/system-root   16G  7.1G  8.9G  45% /
tmpfs                    394M   12K  394M   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1       15G   41M   14G   1% /mnt/lvm
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # cat /mnt/lvm/l
lengqinglvmext4  lost+found/
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # cat /mnt/lvm/l
lengqinglvmext4  lost+found/
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # cat /mnt/lvm/lengqinglvmext4
lengqinglvmext4

重新卸载分区并检查文件系统，缩减逻辑卷至15G，这次没有-t的参数

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # umount /mnt/lvm
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/VG1-LV1
e2fsck 1.43.8 (1-Jan-2018)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1: 12/983040 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 137494/3932160 blocks
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvreduce -L 15G /dev/VG1/LV1
  WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 15.00 GiB.
  THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce VG1/LV1? [y/n]: y
  Size of logical volume VG1/LV1 changed from 39.99 GiB (10238 extents) to 15.00 GiB (3840 extents).
  Logical volume VG1/LV1 successfully resized.

此时查看逻辑卷，LV1已经变成了15G

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvs
  LV   VG     Attr       LSize  Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
  LV1  VG1    -wi-a----- 15.00g
  root system -wi-ao---- 15.99g
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/system/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                system
  LV UUID                fsZvJJ-NCk9-rHvR-rSOh-80tK-9GxZ-H5BRSw
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time install, 2019-10-04 00:06:45 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                15.99 GiB
  Current LE             4093
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     1024
  Block device           254:0

  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/VG1/LV1
  LV Name                LV1
  VG Name                VG1
  LV UUID                xAccOh-PRJd-jtuR-jx7F-F9Qr-N3nw-Cxm7yh
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time linux-wugz, 2019-12-02 02:22:10 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                15.00 GiB
  Current LE             3840
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     1024
  Block device           254:1

查看卷组VG1，已分配空间变成了15G，剩余空间还有24.99G

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               system
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  2
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                1
  Open LV               1
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               15.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              4093
  Alloc PE / Size       4093 / 15.99 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
  VG UUID               BfPwXl-TBTe-N6Rd-NaJT-xU2T-Ce0V-HqIN8L

  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               VG1
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        2
  Metadata Sequence No  5
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                1
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                2
  Act PV                2
  VG Size               39.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              10238
  Alloc PE / Size       3840 / 15.00 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       6398 / 24.99 GiB
  VG UUID               ojpEne-jsFm-uB6R-azHU-zJmt-wP46-JvFeNc

挂载查看，文件系统正常，文件也还在

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # mount -a
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # df -h
Filesystem               Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                 2.0G  8.0K  2.0G   1% /dev
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                    2.0G  9.4M  2.0G   1% /run
tmpfs                    2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/system-root   16G  7.1G  8.9G  45% /
tmpfs                    394M   12K  394M   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1       15G   41M   14G   1% /mnt/lvm
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # cat /mnt/lvm/lengqinglvmext4
lengqinglvmext4

移除物理磁盘

移除之前，需要移除的磁盘不能有数据，所以需要将数据转移到其它磁盘上，其它磁盘需要足够大能容纳已分配的空间，然后转移完成就可以移除了。

这里移除先添加的磁盘sdb，因为数据肯定在它上面。（我猜的，管它在哪个上面，我就是要移除这块）

将物理卷sdb1上的数据转移到物理卷sdc1上

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # pvmove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
  /dev/sdb1: Moved: 4.90%
  /dev/sdb1: Moved: 100.00%

完成之后，从卷组VG1中移除物理卷/dev/sdb1

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # vgreduce VG1 /dev/sdb1
  Removed "/dev/sdb1" from volume group "VG1"

检查挂载以及文件，看起来完全正常

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # df -hT
Filesystem              Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                devtmpfs  2.0G  8.0K  2.0G   1% /dev
tmpfs                   tmpfs     2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                   tmpfs     2.0G  9.4M  2.0G   1% /run
tmpfs                   tmpfs     2.0G     0  2.0G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/system-root xfs        16G  7.1G  8.9G  45% /
tmpfs                   tmpfs     394M   12K  394M   1% /run/user/1000
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1     ext4       15G   41M   14G   1% /mnt/lvm
linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # cat /mnt/lvm/lengqinglvmext4
lengqinglvmext4

其实可以先查看物理卷的占用（我这里已经移除了sdb1，但也能看出来sdc1现在总共20G，用了15G，5G剩余）

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linux-wugz:/home/lengqing # pvscan
  PV /dev/sda2   VG system          lvm2 [15.99 GiB / 0    free]
  PV /dev/sdc1   VG VG1             lvm2 [20.00 GiB / 5.00 GiB free]
  PV /dev/sdb1                      lvm2 [20.00 GiB]
  Total: 3 [55.98 GiB] / in use: 2 [35.98 GiB] / in no VG: 1 [20.00 GiB]

替换物理磁盘

替换磁盘=先加入磁盘，再移除磁盘。

方法和步骤前面都有。

完

发表于 更新于 分类于

注意留意服务器组件的温度，手动控制可能导致高温过热，但是11G服务器的ipmi功能太过简单，无法获取温度，无法通过脚本获取温度自动调节转速。
重启服务器需要重新设置。

0. 安装ipmitool

Debian下

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apt-get install ipmitool

1. 关闭自动风扇控制

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ipmitool -I lanplus -U idrac用户名 -P idrac密码 -H idarc地址 raw 0x30 0x30 0x01 0x00

2. 调节风扇转速，其中最后一位为转速百分比的16进制，例如0x14代表20%，0x32为50%，0x64为100%

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ipmitool -I lanplus -U idrac用户名 -P idrac密码 -H idarc地址 raw 0x30 0x30 0x02 0xff 0x14

3. 如果不想手动控制可以重新打开自动风扇控制

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ipmitool -I lanplus -U idrac用户名 -P idrac密码 -H idarc地址 raw 0x30 0x30 0x01 0x01

完

发表于 更新于 分类于

1. 启动KMS服务 端口就不要改了，免得激活时office找不到端口

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./vlmcsd-x64-musl-static  -L 0.0.0.0:1688 -Dev

2. 激活windows , 以管理员身份打开power shell，然执行下列命令, 激活成功会弹窗提示的

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slmgr /skms VPS的IP或者绑定的域名
slmgr /ato
slmgr /xpr

3. 激活office , 激活成功会弹窗提示的

以管理员身份打开命令提示符，进入软件安装目录, 比如说 office 2016 64位 ，装在D盘下
安装目录：D:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office16，执行如下：

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cscript ospp.vbs /sethst:VPS的IP或者绑定的域名
cscript ospp.vbs /act
cscript ospp.vbs /dstatus

发表于 更新于 分类于

参考文档：[git]使用GPG签名你的commit

在上一篇文章中创建了GPG密钥之后

0 Github端

首先在 https://github.com/settings/keys 点击绿色的New GPG key

将GPG密钥的公钥内容输入进去，然后点击绿色的Add GPG Key

1 本地端

添加GPG密钥

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git config --global user.signingkey FD88ED069146EA37

全局启用

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git config --global commit.gpgsign true #开启
git config --global commit.gpgsign false #关闭

仅在单个仓库中开启，进入仓库目录，然后运行

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git config commit.gpgsign true #开启
git config commit.gpgsign false #关闭

然后commit之后push之后即可在远程仓库的commits中看到绿色的”Verified”标记

发表于 更新于 分类于

参考文档：GPG入门、GPG密钥的生成与使用

0 安装GPG软件

一般Linux发行版都自带了的，就不讲了，

我目前使用的OpenSuSE Leap 15.1的KDE Plasma环境自带了Kleopatra，Kleopatra是一个能用的图形化GPG密钥管理器，可用于导出绝密密钥。

命令行GPG的用法：

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gpg --help
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.5
libgcrypt 1.8.2
Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

Home: /home/lengqing/.gnupg
支持的算法：
公钥：RSA, ELG, DSA, ECDH, ECDSA, EDDSA
对称加密：IDEA, 3DES, CAST5, BLOWFISH, AES, AES192, AES256,
     TWOFISH, CAMELLIA128, CAMELLIA192, CAMELLIA256
散列：SHA1, RIPEMD160, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512, SHA224
压缩：不压缩, ZIP, ZLIB, BZIP2

Syntax: gpg [options] [files]
Sign, check, encrypt or decrypt
Default operation depends on the input data

指令：
 
 -s, --sign                  make a signature
     --clear-sign            make a clear text signature
 -b, --detach-sign           生成一份分离的签名
 -e, --encrypt               加密数据
 -c, --symmetric             仅使用对称加密
 -d, --decrypt               解密数据(默认)
     --verify                验证签名
 -k, --list-keys             列出密钥
     --list-signatures       列出密钥和签名
     --check-signatures      列出并检查密钥签名
     --fingerprint           列出密钥和指纹
 -K, --list-secret-keys      列出私钥
     --generate-key          生成一副新的密钥对
     --quick-generate-key    quickly generate a new key pair
     --quick-add-uid         quickly add a new user-id
     --quick-revoke-uid      quickly revoke a user-id
     --quick-set-expire      quickly set a new expiration date
     --full-generate-key     full featured key pair generation
     --generate-revocation   生成一份吊销证书
     --delete-keys           从公钥钥匙环里删除密钥
     --delete-secret-keys    从私钥钥匙环里删除密钥
     --quick-sign-key        quickly sign a key
     --quick-lsign-key       quickly sign a key locally
     --sign-key              为某把密钥添加签名
     --lsign-key             为某把密钥添加本地签名
     --edit-key              编辑某把密钥或为其添加签名
     --change-passphrase     change a passphrase
     --export                导出密钥
     --send-keys             把密钥导出到某个公钥服务器上
     --receive-keys          从公钥服务器上导入密钥
     --search-keys           在公钥服务器上搜寻密钥
     --refresh-keys          从公钥服务器更新所有的本地密钥
     --import                导入/合并密钥
     --card-status           打印卡状态
     --edit-card             更改卡上的数据
     --change-pin            更改卡的 PIN
     --update-trustdb        更新信任度数据库
     --print-md              print message digests
     --server                run in server mode
     --tofu-policy VALUE     set the TOFU policy for a key

选项：
 
 -a, --armor                 输出经 ASCII 封装
 -r, --recipient USER-ID     encrypt for USER-ID
 -u, --local-user USER-ID    use USER-ID to sign or decrypt
 -z N                        set compress level to N (0 disables)
     --textmode              使用标准的文本模式
 -o, --output FILE           write output to FILE
 -v, --verbose               详细模式
 -n, --dry-run               不做任何改变
 -i, --interactive           覆盖前先询问
     --openpgp               行为严格遵循 OpenPGP 定义

(请参考在线说明以获得所有命令和选项的完整清单)

Examples:

 -se -r Bob [file]          sign and encrypt for user Bob
 --clear-sign [file]        make a clear text signature
 --detach-sign [file]       make a detached signature
 --list-keys [names]        show keys
 --fingerprint [names]      show fingerprints

请向 <https://bugs.gnupg.org> 报告程序缺陷。
请向 <[email protected]> 反映简体中文翻译的问题。

1 生成GPG密钥

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gpg --full-generate-key
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.5; Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

请选择您要使用的密钥种类：
   (1) RSA and RSA (default)
   (2) DSA and Elgamal
   (3) DSA (仅用于签名)
   (4) RSA (仅用于签名)
您的选择？ 
RSA 密钥长度应在 1024 位与 4096 位之间。
您想要用多大的密钥尺寸？(2048)
您所要求的密钥尺寸是 2048 位
请设定这把密钥的有效期限。
         0 = 密钥永不过期
      <n>  = 密钥在 n 天后过期
      <n>w = 密钥在 n 周后过期
      <n>m = 密钥在 n 月后过期
      <n>y = 密钥在 n 年后过期
密钥的有效期限是？(0) 
密钥永远不会过期
以上正确吗？(y/n)y

You need a user ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user ID
from the Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form:
    "Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) <[email protected]>"

真实姓名：lengqing5977
电子邮件地址：[email protected]
注释：
您选定了这个用户标识：
    “lengqing5977 <[email protected]>”

更改姓名(N)、注释(C)、电子邮件地址(E)或确定(O)/退出(Q)？O
我们需要生成大量的随机字节。这个时候您可以多做些琐事(像是敲打键盘、移动
鼠标、读写硬盘之类的)，这会让随机数字发生器有更好的机会获得足够的熵数。
我们需要生成大量的随机字节。这个时候您可以多做些琐事(像是敲打键盘、移动
鼠标、读写硬盘之类的)，这会让随机数字发生器有更好的机会获得足够的熵数。
gpg: 密钥 FD88ED069146EA37 被标记为绝对信任
gpg: revocation certificate stored as '/home/lengqing/.gnupg/openpgp-revocs.d/EE93CE1B2035C64A60914333FD88ED069146EA37.rev'
公钥和私钥已经生成并经签名。

pub   rsa2048 2019-08-28 [SC]
      EE93CE1B2035C64A60914333FD88ED069146EA37
uid                      lengqing5977 <[email protected]>
sub   rsa2048 2019-08-28 [E]

2 查看GPG密钥

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gpg --list-keys
/home/lengqing/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
---------------------------------
pub   rsa2048 2019-08-28 [SC]
      EE93CE1B2035C64A60914333FD88ED069146EA37
uid           [ 绝对 ] lengqing5977 <[email protected]>
sub   rsa2048 2019-08-28 [E]
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gpg --list-keys --keyid-format long
/home/lengqing/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
---------------------------------
pub   rsa2048/FD88ED069146EA37 2019-08-28 [SC]
      EE93CE1B2035C64A60914333FD88ED069146EA37
uid                 [ 绝对 ] lengqing5977 <[email protected]>
sub   rsa2048/1F62C16D9F3F386F 2019-08-28 [E]

其中上面的FD88ED069146EA37可以用来代替ID，下面就会用到了。

3 导出GPG密钥

导出公钥

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gpg --armor --output public.asc --export FD88ED069146EA37

导出私钥

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gpg --armor --output private.asc --export-secret-keys FD88ED069146EA37

需要注意的是，这里导出的私钥公钥在其它系统导入之后依旧不能将密钥信任等级提升至“绝密”等级（也就是自己的密钥/绝对信任），将有使用限制，需要利用其它途径导出“绝密密钥”

4 编辑GPG密钥

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gpg --edit-key FD88ED069146EA37
gpg (GnuPG) 2.2.5; Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

私钥可用。

sec  rsa2048/FD88ED069146EA37
     创建于：2019-08-28  有效至：永不过期  可用于：SC  
     信任度：绝对        有效性：绝对
ssb  rsa2048/1F62C16D9F3F386F
     创建于：2019-08-28  有效至：永不过期  可用于：E   
[ 绝对 ] (1). lengqing5977 <[email protected]>

gpg> help
quit        离开这个菜单
save        保存并离开
help        显示这份在线说明
fpr         显示密钥指纹
grip        show the keygrip
list        列出密钥和用户标识
uid         选择用户标识 N
key         选择子钥 N
check       检查签名
sign        为所选用户标识添加签名[* 参见下面的相关命令]
lsign       为所选用户标识添加本地签名
tsign       为所选用户标识添加信任签名
nrsign      为所选用户标识添加不可吊销签名
adduid      增加一个用户标识
addphoto    增加一个照片标识
deluid      删除选定的用户标识
addkey      添加一个子钥
addcardkey  在智能卡上添加一把密钥
keytocard   将一把密钥移动到智能卡上
bkuptocard  将备份密钥转移到卡上
delkey      删除选定的子钥
addrevoker  增加一把吊销密钥
delsig      删除所选用户标识上的签名
expire      变更密钥或所选子钥的使用期限
primary     将所选的用户标识设为首选用户标识
pref        列出首选项(专家模式)
showpref    列出首选项(详细模式)
setpref     设定所选用户标识的首选项
keyserver   设定所选用户标识的首选公钥服务器的 URL
notation    为所选用户标识的设定注记
passwd      更改密码
trust       更改信任度
revsig      吊销所选用户标识上的签名
revuid      吊销选定的用户标识
revkey      吊销密钥或选定的子钥
enable      启用密钥
disable     禁用密钥
showphoto   显示选定的照片标识
clean       压缩不可用的用户标识并删除不可用的签名
minimize    压缩不可用的用户标识并删除所有签名

* The 'sign' command may be prefixed with an 'l' for local signatures (lsign),
  a 't' for trust signatures (tsign), an 'nr' for non-revocable signatures
  (nrsign), or any combination thereof (ltsign, tnrsign, etc.).

5 将GPG公钥上传到公钥服务器（极不推荐的做法）

上传

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gpg --keyserver hkp://subkeys.pgp.net --send-keys FD88ED069146EA37

因为上传是永久不可逆的操作，所以还需要创建撤销证书

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gpg -a -o revocation.cert --gen-revoke FD88ED069146EA37

sec  rsa2048/FD88ED069146EA37 2019-08-28 lengqing5977 <[email protected]>

要为这把密钥建立一份吊销证书吗？(y/N)y
请选择吊销的原因：
  0 = 未指定原因
  1 = 密钥已泄漏
  2 = 密钥被替换
  3 = 密钥不再使用
  Q = 取消
(也许您会想要在这里选择 1)
您的决定是什么？0
请输入描述(可选)；以空白行结束：
> 
吊销原因：未指定原因
(不给定描述)
这样可以吗？ (y/N)y
已建立吊销证书。

请把这个文件转移到一个可隐藏起来的介质(如软盘)上；如果坏人能够取得这
份证书的话，那么他就能让您的密钥无法继续使用。把这份凭证打印出来再藏
到安全的地方也是很好的方法，以免您的保存媒体损毁而无法读取。但是千万
小心：您的机器上的打印系统可能会在打印过程中把这些数据临时在某个其他
人也能够看得到的地方！

6 删除GPG密钥

删除公钥

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gpg --delete-key FD88ED069146EA37

删除私钥

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gpg --delete-secret-keys FD88ED069146EA37

发表于 更新于 分类于

由于新装OpenWRT默认IP是192.168.1.1
然而我内网网段不是192.168.1.0/24，初次访问webUI有点不方便
所以直接在控制台修改IP

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uci set network.lan.ipaddr=192.168.2.6
uci commit
/etc/init.d/network restart

然后就可以访问修改后的IP了

然后搜索安装下面的软件包可以获得中文翻译

luci-i18n-base-zh-cn